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(24) Anketler (7) Testler

Soru 25 — Academic Reading 25 — Vocabulary

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:Wetlands include marshes, swamps, peatlands, and other environments in which water strongly influences soil and biological communities. They perform several ecological functions. During heavy rainfall, some wetlands temporarily store water and can reduce downstream flooding. Wetland plants and soils may also trap sediments and transform certain nutrients, affecting water quality. In addition, wetlands provide habitat for fish, birds, amphibians, insects, and specialized plants. For much of modern history, many wetlands were drained because they were viewed as unproductive or as obstacles to agriculture and construction. Ecologists now recognize that losing wetlands can remove services that would otherwise be expensive to replace with engineered infrastructure. Nevertheless, wetland restoration is not simply a matter of adding water to a low-lying area. Successful projects must consider hydrology, soil chemistry, plant communities, surrounding land use, and the sources of water entering the site. Restored wetlands can recover important functions, but they may not become identical to the ecosystems that existed before disturbance. For this reason, scientists evaluate restoration using multiple indicators over long periods rather than relying on appearance alone.In the passage, “hydrology” refers most closely to:
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Soru 24 — Academic Reading 24 — Evaluation

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:Wetlands include marshes, swamps, peatlands, and other environments in which water strongly influences soil and biological communities. They perform several ecological functions. During heavy rainfall, some wetlands temporarily store water and can reduce downstream flooding. Wetland plants and soils may also trap sediments and transform certain nutrients, affecting water quality. In addition, wetlands provide habitat for fish, birds, amphibians, insects, and specialized plants. For much of modern history, many wetlands were drained because they were viewed as unproductive or as obstacles to agriculture and construction. Ecologists now recognize that losing wetlands can remove services that would otherwise be expensive to replace with engineered infrastructure. Nevertheless, wetland restoration is not simply a matter of adding water to a low-lying area. Successful projects must consider hydrology, soil chemistry, plant communities, surrounding land use, and the sources of water entering the site. Restored wetlands can recover important functions, but they may not become identical to the ecosystems that existed before disturbance. For this reason, scientists evaluate restoration using multiple indicators over long periods rather than relying on appearance alone.Why do scientists evaluate restored wetlands over long periods using multiple indicators?
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Soru 23 — Academic Reading 23 — Restoration

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:Wetlands include marshes, swamps, peatlands, and other environments in which water strongly influences soil and biological communities. They perform several ecological functions. During heavy rainfall, some wetlands temporarily store water and can reduce downstream flooding. Wetland plants and soils may also trap sediments and transform certain nutrients, affecting water quality. In addition, wetlands provide habitat for fish, birds, amphibians, insects, and specialized plants. For much of modern history, many wetlands were drained because they were viewed as unproductive or as obstacles to agriculture and construction. Ecologists now recognize that losing wetlands can remove services that would otherwise be expensive to replace with engineered infrastructure. Nevertheless, wetland restoration is not simply a matter of adding water to a low-lying area. Successful projects must consider hydrology, soil chemistry, plant communities, surrounding land use, and the sources of water entering the site. Restored wetlands can recover important functions, but they may not become identical to the ecosystems that existed before disturbance. For this reason, scientists evaluate restoration using multiple indicators over long periods rather than relying on appearance alone.Why is wetland restoration more complex than simply adding water?
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Soru 22 — Academic Reading 22 — Function

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:Wetlands include marshes, swamps, peatlands, and other environments in which water strongly influences soil and biological communities. They perform several ecological functions. During heavy rainfall, some wetlands temporarily store water and can reduce downstream flooding. Wetland plants and soils may also trap sediments and transform certain nutrients, affecting water quality. In addition, wetlands provide habitat for fish, birds, amphibians, insects, and specialized plants. For much of modern history, many wetlands were drained because they were viewed as unproductive or as obstacles to agriculture and construction. Ecologists now recognize that losing wetlands can remove services that would otherwise be expensive to replace with engineered infrastructure. Nevertheless, wetland restoration is not simply a matter of adding water to a low-lying area. Successful projects must consider hydrology, soil chemistry, plant communities, surrounding land use, and the sources of water entering the site. Restored wetlands can recover important functions, but they may not become identical to the ecosystems that existed before disturbance. For this reason, scientists evaluate restoration using multiple indicators over long periods rather than relying on appearance alone.How can some wetlands reduce downstream flooding?
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Soru 21 — Academic Reading 21 — Main Idea

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:Wetlands include marshes, swamps, peatlands, and other environments in which water strongly influences soil and biological communities. They perform several ecological functions. During heavy rainfall, some wetlands temporarily store water and can reduce downstream flooding. Wetland plants and soils may also trap sediments and transform certain nutrients, affecting water quality. In addition, wetlands provide habitat for fish, birds, amphibians, insects, and specialized plants. For much of modern history, many wetlands were drained because they were viewed as unproductive or as obstacles to agriculture and construction. Ecologists now recognize that losing wetlands can remove services that would otherwise be expensive to replace with engineered infrastructure. Nevertheless, wetland restoration is not simply a matter of adding water to a low-lying area. Successful projects must consider hydrology, soil chemistry, plant communities, surrounding land use, and the sources of water entering the site. Restored wetlands can recover important functions, but they may not become identical to the ecosystems that existed before disturbance. For this reason, scientists evaluate restoration using multiple indicators over long periods rather than relying on appearance alone.What is the main idea of the passage?
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Soru 20 — Academic Reading 20 — Vocabulary

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:Before movable-type printing became widespread in Europe, books were reproduced mainly by hand copying or by block-printing methods. These processes could produce attractive texts, but they were slow and labor-intensive. In the mid-fifteenth century, European printers began using systems that combined reusable metal type, oil-based ink, and mechanical presses. The innovation did not make books instantly cheap or universally available, yet it greatly increased the number of copies that could be produced from a prepared text. Printing also changed the economics of textual production. Printers had strong incentives to sell many copies of the same work, which encouraged larger distribution networks and more standardized editions. However, standardization was incomplete: printers corrected errors during production, reused type, and sometimes altered texts for local markets. The growth of printing supported the circulation of religious, scientific, legal, and literary works, but historians caution against treating the printing press as a single cause of later social change. Literacy rates, trade networks, political institutions, and demand for particular kinds of knowledge also shaped how printed material was produced and used.The word “incentives” is closest in meaning to:
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Soru 19 — Academic Reading 19 — Caution

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:Before movable-type printing became widespread in Europe, books were reproduced mainly by hand copying or by block-printing methods. These processes could produce attractive texts, but they were slow and labor-intensive. In the mid-fifteenth century, European printers began using systems that combined reusable metal type, oil-based ink, and mechanical presses. The innovation did not make books instantly cheap or universally available, yet it greatly increased the number of copies that could be produced from a prepared text. Printing also changed the economics of textual production. Printers had strong incentives to sell many copies of the same work, which encouraged larger distribution networks and more standardized editions. However, standardization was incomplete: printers corrected errors during production, reused type, and sometimes altered texts for local markets. The growth of printing supported the circulation of religious, scientific, legal, and literary works, but historians caution against treating the printing press as a single cause of later social change. Literacy rates, trade networks, political institutions, and demand for particular kinds of knowledge also shaped how printed material was produced and used.Why do historians caution against treating printing as the single cause of later social change?
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Soru 18 — Academic Reading 18 — Economics

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:Before movable-type printing became widespread in Europe, books were reproduced mainly by hand copying or by block-printing methods. These processes could produce attractive texts, but they were slow and labor-intensive. In the mid-fifteenth century, European printers began using systems that combined reusable metal type, oil-based ink, and mechanical presses. The innovation did not make books instantly cheap or universally available, yet it greatly increased the number of copies that could be produced from a prepared text. Printing also changed the economics of textual production. Printers had strong incentives to sell many copies of the same work, which encouraged larger distribution networks and more standardized editions. However, standardization was incomplete: printers corrected errors during production, reused type, and sometimes altered texts for local markets. The growth of printing supported the circulation of religious, scientific, legal, and literary works, but historians caution against treating the printing press as a single cause of later social change. Literacy rates, trade networks, political institutions, and demand for particular kinds of knowledge also shaped how printed material was produced and used.Why did printing encourage larger distribution networks?
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Soru 17 — Academic Reading 17 — Technology

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:Before movable-type printing became widespread in Europe, books were reproduced mainly by hand copying or by block-printing methods. These processes could produce attractive texts, but they were slow and labor-intensive. In the mid-fifteenth century, European printers began using systems that combined reusable metal type, oil-based ink, and mechanical presses. The innovation did not make books instantly cheap or universally available, yet it greatly increased the number of copies that could be produced from a prepared text. Printing also changed the economics of textual production. Printers had strong incentives to sell many copies of the same work, which encouraged larger distribution networks and more standardized editions. However, standardization was incomplete: printers corrected errors during production, reused type, and sometimes altered texts for local markets. The growth of printing supported the circulation of religious, scientific, legal, and literary works, but historians caution against treating the printing press as a single cause of later social change. Literacy rates, trade networks, political institutions, and demand for particular kinds of knowledge also shaped how printed material was produced and used.Which combination is associated with mid-fifteenth-century European printing?
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Soru 16 — Academic Reading 16 — Main Idea

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:Before movable-type printing became widespread in Europe, books were reproduced mainly by hand copying or by block-printing methods. These processes could produce attractive texts, but they were slow and labor-intensive. In the mid-fifteenth century, European printers began using systems that combined reusable metal type, oil-based ink, and mechanical presses. The innovation did not make books instantly cheap or universally available, yet it greatly increased the number of copies that could be produced from a prepared text. Printing also changed the economics of textual production. Printers had strong incentives to sell many copies of the same work, which encouraged larger distribution networks and more standardized editions. However, standardization was incomplete: printers corrected errors during production, reused type, and sometimes altered texts for local markets. The growth of printing supported the circulation of religious, scientific, legal, and literary works, but historians caution against treating the printing press as a single cause of later social change. Literacy rates, trade networks, political institutions, and demand for particular kinds of knowledge also shaped how printed material was produced and used.What is the passage mainly explaining?
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Soru 15 — Academic Reading 15 — Multiple Select

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için tüm doğru cevapları seçin:Migration allows animals to exploit resources that vary across space and time. Birds may travel between breeding and wintering grounds, while some fish move between freshwater and marine environments. The benefits of migration can be substantial, but so are the costs. Long journeys require energy and may expose animals to predators, storms, unfamiliar habitats, and human-made obstacles. Migratory behavior is guided by a combination of inherited tendencies and environmental cues. Day length, temperature, food availability, and social information can all influence when movement begins. Navigation mechanisms differ among species. Some animals use the position of the Sun or stars, while others detect Earth’s magnetic field or recognize landmarks. Because migration depends on conditions at multiple locations, habitat loss at a single stopover site can affect populations that spend most of the year elsewhere. Conservation biologists therefore increasingly emphasize the protection of connected networks of habitats rather than isolated reserves. Climate change adds another complication by altering the timing of seasonal events. If insects emerge earlier in spring but migratory birds do not adjust their arrival time, the birds may miss a critical food peak.Select TWO navigation methods mentioned in the passage.
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Soru 14 — Academic Reading 14 — Climate Change

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:Migration allows animals to exploit resources that vary across space and time. Birds may travel between breeding and wintering grounds, while some fish move between freshwater and marine environments. The benefits of migration can be substantial, but so are the costs. Long journeys require energy and may expose animals to predators, storms, unfamiliar habitats, and human-made obstacles. Migratory behavior is guided by a combination of inherited tendencies and environmental cues. Day length, temperature, food availability, and social information can all influence when movement begins. Navigation mechanisms differ among species. Some animals use the position of the Sun or stars, while others detect Earth’s magnetic field or recognize landmarks. Because migration depends on conditions at multiple locations, habitat loss at a single stopover site can affect populations that spend most of the year elsewhere. Conservation biologists therefore increasingly emphasize the protection of connected networks of habitats rather than isolated reserves. Climate change adds another complication by altering the timing of seasonal events. If insects emerge earlier in spring but migratory birds do not adjust their arrival time, the birds may miss a critical food peak.What mismatch does the passage describe as a possible climate-change problem?
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Soru 13 — Academic Reading 13 — Conservation

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:Migration allows animals to exploit resources that vary across space and time. Birds may travel between breeding and wintering grounds, while some fish move between freshwater and marine environments. The benefits of migration can be substantial, but so are the costs. Long journeys require energy and may expose animals to predators, storms, unfamiliar habitats, and human-made obstacles. Migratory behavior is guided by a combination of inherited tendencies and environmental cues. Day length, temperature, food availability, and social information can all influence when movement begins. Navigation mechanisms differ among species. Some animals use the position of the Sun or stars, while others detect Earth’s magnetic field or recognize landmarks. Because migration depends on conditions at multiple locations, habitat loss at a single stopover site can affect populations that spend most of the year elsewhere. Conservation biologists therefore increasingly emphasize the protection of connected networks of habitats rather than isolated reserves. Climate change adds another complication by altering the timing of seasonal events. If insects emerge earlier in spring but migratory birds do not adjust their arrival time, the birds may miss a critical food peak.Why can loss of one stopover site affect animals that spend most of the year elsewhere?
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Soru 12 — Academic Reading 12 — Detail

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:Migration allows animals to exploit resources that vary across space and time. Birds may travel between breeding and wintering grounds, while some fish move between freshwater and marine environments. The benefits of migration can be substantial, but so are the costs. Long journeys require energy and may expose animals to predators, storms, unfamiliar habitats, and human-made obstacles. Migratory behavior is guided by a combination of inherited tendencies and environmental cues. Day length, temperature, food availability, and social information can all influence when movement begins. Navigation mechanisms differ among species. Some animals use the position of the Sun or stars, while others detect Earth’s magnetic field or recognize landmarks. Because migration depends on conditions at multiple locations, habitat loss at a single stopover site can affect populations that spend most of the year elsewhere. Conservation biologists therefore increasingly emphasize the protection of connected networks of habitats rather than isolated reserves. Climate change adds another complication by altering the timing of seasonal events. If insects emerge earlier in spring but migratory birds do not adjust their arrival time, the birds may miss a critical food peak.Which factor is mentioned as a cue that can influence migration timing?
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Soru 11 — Academic Reading 11 — Main Idea

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:Migration allows animals to exploit resources that vary across space and time. Birds may travel between breeding and wintering grounds, while some fish move between freshwater and marine environments. The benefits of migration can be substantial, but so are the costs. Long journeys require energy and may expose animals to predators, storms, unfamiliar habitats, and human-made obstacles. Migratory behavior is guided by a combination of inherited tendencies and environmental cues. Day length, temperature, food availability, and social information can all influence when movement begins. Navigation mechanisms differ among species. Some animals use the position of the Sun or stars, while others detect Earth’s magnetic field or recognize landmarks. Because migration depends on conditions at multiple locations, habitat loss at a single stopover site can affect populations that spend most of the year elsewhere. Conservation biologists therefore increasingly emphasize the protection of connected networks of habitats rather than isolated reserves. Climate change adds another complication by altering the timing of seasonal events. If insects emerge earlier in spring but migratory birds do not adjust their arrival time, the birds may miss a critical food peak.What is the central idea of the passage?
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Soru 10 — Academic Reading 10 — Vocabulary

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:In regions where trees experience strong seasonal changes, many species form one visible growth ring each year. The width and density of these rings can preserve information about environmental conditions during the growing season. A wide ring may indicate favorable conditions, such as sufficient moisture and moderate temperatures, whereas a narrow ring can reflect drought, cold, competition, or other stresses. Scientists who reconstruct past climate from tree rings do not usually rely on a single tree. They compare overlapping ring patterns from many living and dead trees, a method known as cross-dating. Cross-dating helps researchers assign each ring to the correct calendar year and identify missing or false rings. Even then, ring width cannot be interpreted as a simple thermometer or rain gauge. Growth is influenced by multiple factors, and different species respond differently to temperature and precipitation. To strengthen climate reconstructions, researchers calibrate tree-ring measurements against modern weather records and often compare them with other evidence such as lake sediments, ice cores, and historical documents. When several independent records show similar patterns, confidence in the reconstruction increases.In the passage, “calibrate” most nearly means:
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Soru 9 — Academic Reading 9 — Evidence

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:In regions where trees experience strong seasonal changes, many species form one visible growth ring each year. The width and density of these rings can preserve information about environmental conditions during the growing season. A wide ring may indicate favorable conditions, such as sufficient moisture and moderate temperatures, whereas a narrow ring can reflect drought, cold, competition, or other stresses. Scientists who reconstruct past climate from tree rings do not usually rely on a single tree. They compare overlapping ring patterns from many living and dead trees, a method known as cross-dating. Cross-dating helps researchers assign each ring to the correct calendar year and identify missing or false rings. Even then, ring width cannot be interpreted as a simple thermometer or rain gauge. Growth is influenced by multiple factors, and different species respond differently to temperature and precipitation. To strengthen climate reconstructions, researchers calibrate tree-ring measurements against modern weather records and often compare them with other evidence such as lake sediments, ice cores, and historical documents. When several independent records show similar patterns, confidence in the reconstruction increases.What increases confidence in a climate reconstruction?
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Soru 8 — Academic Reading 8 — Caution

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:In regions where trees experience strong seasonal changes, many species form one visible growth ring each year. The width and density of these rings can preserve information about environmental conditions during the growing season. A wide ring may indicate favorable conditions, such as sufficient moisture and moderate temperatures, whereas a narrow ring can reflect drought, cold, competition, or other stresses. Scientists who reconstruct past climate from tree rings do not usually rely on a single tree. They compare overlapping ring patterns from many living and dead trees, a method known as cross-dating. Cross-dating helps researchers assign each ring to the correct calendar year and identify missing or false rings. Even then, ring width cannot be interpreted as a simple thermometer or rain gauge. Growth is influenced by multiple factors, and different species respond differently to temperature and precipitation. To strengthen climate reconstructions, researchers calibrate tree-ring measurements against modern weather records and often compare them with other evidence such as lake sediments, ice cores, and historical documents. When several independent records show similar patterns, confidence in the reconstruction increases.Why can a narrow ring not automatically be interpreted as evidence of drought?
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Soru 7 — Academic Reading 7 — Method

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:In regions where trees experience strong seasonal changes, many species form one visible growth ring each year. The width and density of these rings can preserve information about environmental conditions during the growing season. A wide ring may indicate favorable conditions, such as sufficient moisture and moderate temperatures, whereas a narrow ring can reflect drought, cold, competition, or other stresses. Scientists who reconstruct past climate from tree rings do not usually rely on a single tree. They compare overlapping ring patterns from many living and dead trees, a method known as cross-dating. Cross-dating helps researchers assign each ring to the correct calendar year and identify missing or false rings. Even then, ring width cannot be interpreted as a simple thermometer or rain gauge. Growth is influenced by multiple factors, and different species respond differently to temperature and precipitation. To strengthen climate reconstructions, researchers calibrate tree-ring measurements against modern weather records and often compare them with other evidence such as lake sediments, ice cores, and historical documents. When several independent records show similar patterns, confidence in the reconstruction increases.What is the purpose of cross-dating?
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Soru 6 — Academic Reading 6 — Main Idea

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:In regions where trees experience strong seasonal changes, many species form one visible growth ring each year. The width and density of these rings can preserve information about environmental conditions during the growing season. A wide ring may indicate favorable conditions, such as sufficient moisture and moderate temperatures, whereas a narrow ring can reflect drought, cold, competition, or other stresses. Scientists who reconstruct past climate from tree rings do not usually rely on a single tree. They compare overlapping ring patterns from many living and dead trees, a method known as cross-dating. Cross-dating helps researchers assign each ring to the correct calendar year and identify missing or false rings. Even then, ring width cannot be interpreted as a simple thermometer or rain gauge. Growth is influenced by multiple factors, and different species respond differently to temperature and precipitation. To strengthen climate reconstructions, researchers calibrate tree-ring measurements against modern weather records and often compare them with other evidence such as lake sediments, ice cores, and historical documents. When several independent records show similar patterns, confidence in the reconstruction increases.What is the passage mainly about?
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Soru 5 — Academic Reading 5 — Multiple Select

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için tüm doğru cevapları seçin:Cities are often warmer than surrounding rural areas, a pattern known as the urban heat island effect. Several features of the built environment contribute to this difference. Dark surfaces such as asphalt absorb a large portion of incoming solar energy during the day and release some of that stored heat after sunset. Buildings can also reduce air circulation, while vehicles and air-conditioning systems add waste heat to the environment. Vegetation tends to moderate temperatures because leaves provide shade and because plants release water vapor through transpiration. For this reason, urban planners increasingly use trees, parks, reflective roofs, and permeable surfaces as cooling strategies. These interventions do not affect every neighborhood equally. Their effectiveness depends on local climate, building density, available water, and maintenance. Researchers therefore caution against assuming that a single strategy will produce the same result everywhere. Instead, they recommend combining temperature measurements with neighborhood-level data before selecting interventions. The urban heat island effect is important not only because it influences comfort but also because high nighttime temperatures can increase health risks during heat waves by limiting the body’s opportunity to recover from daytime heat.Select TWO cooling strategies mentioned in the passage.
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Soru 4 — Academic Reading 4 — Vocabulary

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:Cities are often warmer than surrounding rural areas, a pattern known as the urban heat island effect. Several features of the built environment contribute to this difference. Dark surfaces such as asphalt absorb a large portion of incoming solar energy during the day and release some of that stored heat after sunset. Buildings can also reduce air circulation, while vehicles and air-conditioning systems add waste heat to the environment. Vegetation tends to moderate temperatures because leaves provide shade and because plants release water vapor through transpiration. For this reason, urban planners increasingly use trees, parks, reflective roofs, and permeable surfaces as cooling strategies. These interventions do not affect every neighborhood equally. Their effectiveness depends on local climate, building density, available water, and maintenance. Researchers therefore caution against assuming that a single strategy will produce the same result everywhere. Instead, they recommend combining temperature measurements with neighborhood-level data before selecting interventions. The urban heat island effect is important not only because it influences comfort but also because high nighttime temperatures can increase health risks during heat waves by limiting the body’s opportunity to recover from daytime heat.The word “moderate” is closest in meaning to:
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Soru 3 — Academic Reading 3 — Inference

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:Cities are often warmer than surrounding rural areas, a pattern known as the urban heat island effect. Several features of the built environment contribute to this difference. Dark surfaces such as asphalt absorb a large portion of incoming solar energy during the day and release some of that stored heat after sunset. Buildings can also reduce air circulation, while vehicles and air-conditioning systems add waste heat to the environment. Vegetation tends to moderate temperatures because leaves provide shade and because plants release water vapor through transpiration. For this reason, urban planners increasingly use trees, parks, reflective roofs, and permeable surfaces as cooling strategies. These interventions do not affect every neighborhood equally. Their effectiveness depends on local climate, building density, available water, and maintenance. Researchers therefore caution against assuming that a single strategy will produce the same result everywhere. Instead, they recommend combining temperature measurements with neighborhood-level data before selecting interventions. The urban heat island effect is important not only because it influences comfort but also because high nighttime temperatures can increase health risks during heat waves by limiting the body’s opportunity to recover from daytime heat.Why do researchers recommend neighborhood-level data before choosing cooling strategies?
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Soru 2 — Academic Reading 2 — Cause

Aşağıdaki İngilizce soru için doğru cevabı seçin:Cities are often warmer than surrounding rural areas, a pattern known as the urban heat island effect. Several features of the built environment contribute to this difference. Dark surfaces such as asphalt absorb a large portion of incoming solar energy during the day and release some of that stored heat after sunset. Buildings can also reduce air circulation, while vehicles and air-conditioning systems add waste heat to the environment. Vegetation tends to moderate temperatures because leaves provide shade and because plants release water vapor through transpiration. For this reason, urban planners increasingly use trees, parks, reflective roofs, and permeable surfaces as cooling strategies. These interventions do not affect every neighborhood equally. Their effectiveness depends on local climate, building density, available water, and maintenance. Researchers therefore caution against assuming that a single strategy will produce the same result everywhere. Instead, they recommend combining temperature measurements with neighborhood-level data before selecting interventions. The urban heat island effect is important not only because it influences comfort but also because high nighttime temperatures can increase health risks during heat waves by limiting the body’s opportunity to recover from daytime heat.Why can asphalt contribute to warmer nighttime temperatures?
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